Baclofen Addiction and Abuse

Baclofen is the generic name for a commonly prescribed muscle relaxant that helps alleviate muscle spasms, muscle pain, and stiffness. Baclofen is also known by its brand names Gablofen and Lioresal. Some neurological conditions, such as multiple sclerosis and cerebral palsy, as well as symptoms associated with spinal cord disease/injury, are also treated with this medication. Baclofen is an oral or injectable medication. Though it is considered an off-label use, baclofen is also being used as a treatment for substance use disorders.

This medication functions by blocking the nerve cell signals in the brain that controls the contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscles. Consumption of baclofen over the prescribed dosage or for longer than prescribed is considered abuse. Combining the drug with other opiate painkillers, illicit drugs, benzos, and alcohol is also considered highly dangerous and abusive. Most who abuse baclofen combine the drug with other substances to produce euphoria, a high similar to that of marijuana or alcohol.

Some of the side effects of baclofen abuse:

• Drowsiness
• Dizziness
• Fatigue
• Headache
• Insomnia
• Nausea

Some of the more severe side effects of baclofen abuse are:

• Trouble urinating
• Agitation
• Hallucinations
• Seizures

The severe side effects of baclofen consumption can cause fatal consequences. Although baclofen is not considered to be addictive when consumed under a strict prescription, the euphoric effects generated when abused make baclofen a highly addictive substance. Prolonged use of baclofen can lead to the development of tolerance and dependence on the drug.

Since this drug is generally prescribed for patients suffering from severe chronic pain, the potential for abuse and addiction is highly increased. The use of this drug in addiction treatment also increases the chances of addiction as they are being prescribed for patients who are already susceptible to form an addiction.

Signs of baclofen dependence and addiction are:

• Unable to refrain from Baclofen consumption.
• Requiring higher doses due to the build-up of tolerance.
• Experiencing withdrawal symptoms when quitting the drug.

There are high chances of baclofen overdose, especially when used for recreational purposes or consumed along with drugs that also depresses nerve functions.

Warning signs of baclofen overdose include:

• Vertigo
• Trouble breathing
• Loss of consciousness
• Low body temperature
• Lightheadedness
• Muscle weakness
• Vomiting
• Drowsiness
• Dilated or pinpointed pupils
• Weak or shallow breathing

Severe effects of baclofen overdose include:

• Seizures
• Hypothermia
• A dangerously slow heart rate/bradycardia
• Coma
• Death

Baclofen Addiction is an epidemic that impacts individuals of all ages. The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) recorded a 2.5-fold rise in overall drug fatalities over the years 2001 to 2013. Among the large fatalities recorded, a large number of them are directly contributed by prescription pain relievers.

Baclofen was initially conceived as a medication for the diagnosis of epilepsy. GABA Receptor Pharmacology states that since being first synthesized in 1962, the medication was only minimally active in the management of epilepsy, but was commonly used to alleviate spasticity related to several diseases. In 2009, Olivier Ameisen, a cardiologist, wrote a book describing his rehabilitation from baclofen dependence, which contributed to additional inquiries into the medication’s effectiveness as a cure for addiction. Although baclofen’s usage in the treatment of opioid dependence and alcohol withdrawal syndrome is still deemed controversial, it is steadily gaining popularity, and clinical studies continue to investigate the potential for its application.

The development of tolerance and dependence on baclofen can be formed within a short period. Abrupt cessation of baclofen consumption can lead to adverse and intense withdrawal symptoms. Therefore patients are highly advised to seek medical and professional help when wishing to quit drug use.

Some baclofen withdrawal symptoms may include:

• Rebound spasticity
• Itching
• Low blood pressure
• Lightheadedness
• Tingling sensations

When left untreated, early symptoms of withdrawal can lead to more serious and uncomfortable symptoms.

More severe baclofen withdrawal symptoms include:

• High fever
• Change of mental status
• Muscle stiffness
• Loss of function in many vital organs
• Death
• Seizures
• Hallucinations

Medical detox is generally the first step in treating any form of substance use disorder. The tapering down method is the ideal form of detoxification for baclofen. During this period, doctors gradually reduce the dose of baclofen over a certain period. This process will also address any polydrug abuse a patient may have. After the completion of detoxification, patients will receive further treatment at an inpatient or outpatient treatment center.

Patients diagnosed with a severe form of addiction will be recommended to attend an inpatient rehabilitation program. This program provides patients with around the clock medical supervision and medication. Inpatient rehab programs may include individual therapy, group counseling and family therapy.

Outpatient treatment is more suitable for individuals who are diagnosed with a mild form of addiction. This program provides patients the flexibility to return to their daily lives after receiving the treatment they require. Outpatient treatment is an ideal choice for patients with unavoidable responsibilities and obligations at home, work, or school. This program provides patients access to counselors, support groups, and essential education in relapse prevention. Outpatient treatment programs are also highly recommended for patients who complete inpatient treatment as it helps them gradually integrate back into society.

Prolonged recovery requires life long treatment, as addiction is a life long disease. Hence, patients who complete inpatient or outpatient rehabilitation must seek aftercare programs to help maintain their sobriety. Aftercare programs help patients navigate through cravings and triggers so they could be better prepared for the world outside. Aftercare treatment may include individual therapy and support groups. Support groups have proven to be an effective method for relapse prevention as it provides patients a safe space and a sense of community among their peers.